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A cave survey is a map of all or part of a cave system, which may be produced to meet differing standards of accuracy depending on the cave conditions and equipment available underground. Cave surveying and cartography , i.e. the creation of an accurate, detailed map, is one of the most common technical activities undertaken within a cave and ...
Nelson Bay Cave, previously known as Wagenaar’s Cave, is a coastal archaeological site in the Robberg Nature Reserve on the Robberg Peninsula in Plettenberg Bay, South Africa, about 250 km east of Cape Town. [1] [2] The cave is 18 meters (59 ft) wide and 35 meters (115 ft) deep, and the cave opening is 21 meters (68 ft) above mean sea level ...
Ui Kxunta and Thui Thao inspect the tracks in Niaux Cave. Tracking in Caves is an international archaeology project focusing on reading and understanding human tracks in archaeological contexts. The project combines Western scientific approaches with the indigenous knowledge of present-day trackers from hunter-gatherer societies.
The Bajondillo Cave is currently 50 m from the coastline and +15 m above mean sea level. Over the epochs of its occupation, the cave varied from 0. km to 3 km distance from the coast. However, during the most relevant period of occupation from 150 ka BP to approximately 10 ka BP the cave was a convenient distance of approximately 00 m from the ...
The Mani peninsula has been affected by tectonic movements throughout its archaeological history, which caused the formation of several platforms on the site. The cave of Kalamakia occupies one of the lowest platforms above sea level; scientific measurements confirm that the site is within ten meters from the shoreline and approximately two meters above the present sea level.
The deepest known cave—measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point—is Veryovkina Cave in Abkhazia, Georgia, with a depth of 2,204 m (7,231 ft). [17] This was the first cave to be explored to a depth of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft). (The first cave to be descended below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) was Gouffre Berger in France.)
In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment. [1] The challenges involved in caving vary according to the cave being visited; in addition to the total absence of light beyond the entrance, negotiating pitches, squeezes, [2] and water hazards can be difficult. [3]
The Lurgrotte is a complex, three-level cave which forms a drainage system for the entire Tanneben karst area. [17] [18] Because of its complexity, and the difficulty in exploring the cave's numerous underground channels, the cave's hydrology is poorly understood. [2]