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The first kind of muon–catalyzed fusion to be observed experimentally, by L.W. Alvarez et al., [6] was protium (H or 1 H 1) and deuterium (D or 1 H 2) muon-catalyzed fusion. The fusion rate for p–d (or pd) muon-catalyzed fusion has been estimated to be about a million times slower than the fusion rate for d–t muon-catalyzed fusion. [7 ...
Muon decay almost always produces at least three particles, which must include an electron of the same charge as the muon and two types of neutrinos. Like all elementary particles, the muon has a corresponding antiparticle of opposite charge (+1 e) but equal mass and spin: the antimuon (also called a positive muon). Muons are denoted by μ −
The law of water balance states that the inflows to any water system or area is equal to its outflows plus change in storage during a time interval. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In hydrology , a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system.
Muon-catalyzed fusion is a technical application of muonic atoms. Other muonic atoms can be formed when negative muons interact with ordinary matter. [4] The muon in muonic atoms can either decay or get captured by a proton. Muon capture is very important in heavier muonic atoms, but shortens the muon's lifetime from 2.2 μs to only 0.08 μs. [4]
The term "cold fusion" was used as early as 1956 in an article in The New York Times about Luis Alvarez's work on muon-catalyzed fusion. [27] Paul Palmer and then Steven Jones of Brigham Young University used the term "cold fusion" in 1986 in an investigation of "geo-fusion", the possible existence of fusion involving hydrogen isotopes in a ...
Articles dealing specifically with using this process to produce useful power are contained in the subcategory Fusion power. Articles about nuclear processes that are speculative or poorly understood (like cold fusion ), or whose potential for power production is remote (like muon-catalyzed fusion ) are kept in the main category.
As of 2007 producing muons required more energy than can be obtained from muon-catalyzed fusion. [ 50 ] Lattice confinement fusion : Lattice confinement fusion ( LCF ) is a type of nuclear fusion in which deuteron -saturated metals are exposed to gamma radiation or ion beams, such as in an IEC fusor , avoiding the confined high-temperature ...
Muon-catalyzed fusion is a fusion process that occurs at ordinary temperatures. It was studied in detail by Steven Jones in the early 1980s. Net energy production from this reaction has been unsuccessful because of the high energy required to create muons , their short 2.2 μs half-life , and the high chance that a muon will bind to the new ...