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Fellow, research fellow or scientist / Fr chercheur; Research supervisor or principal investigator / Fr directeur de recherche; Research associate or postdoctoral associate / Fr associé de recherche; Research assistant or teaching assistant / Fr auxiliaire de recherche; Administrative ranks. Dean (often also full professors)
In some cases it can be synonymous with postdoctoral research. Research associate roles. In academic and research institutions, as well as in some industries, a research associate is a common professional position. Typically, research associates work with other researchers, scientists, and faculty members on a variety of research projects.
Traditionally, Assistant Professor has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty on the "tenure track", although this depends on the institution and the field.Then, promotion to the rank of Associate Professor and later Professor (informally, "Full Professor") indicates that significant work has been done in research, teaching and institutional service.
A postdoctoral fellow, postdoctoral researcher, or simply postdoc, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD). Postdocs most commonly, but not always, have a temporary academic appointment, sometimes in preparation for an academic faculty position.
A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator. Research fellow positions vary in different countries and academic institutions.
Associate researcher (Vice-Senior rank) (副研究员) Assistant researcher (Medium rank) (助理研究员) Intern researcher (Junior rank) (实习研究员) Academic trainee. Postdoctoral research fellow (博士后研究员) and research fellow/researcher ( 研究员) Research assistant (研究助理) and teaching assistant ( 教学助理/助教)
At some universities, the distinction between "academic faculty" and "administrative faculty" is made explicit by the former being contracted for nine months per year, meaning that they can devote their time to research (and possibly be absent from the campus) during the summer months, while the latter are contracted for twelve months per year.
Regarding university habilitations, the so-called Gelmini reform of the research and university teaching system (Italian Law 240 of year 2010 and subsequent modifications) has established the national scientific habilitation for the calls in the role of associate professor and full professor (called abilitazione scientifica nazionale, or ASN ...