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The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by English scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory [1] and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant.
Based on this, Hutton's 1778 result is equivalent to G ≈ 8 × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2. Diagram of torsion balance used in the Cavendish experiment performed by Henry Cavendish in 1798, to measure G, with the help of a pulley, large balls hung from a frame were rotated into position next to the small balls.
Books often describe Cavendish's work as a measurement of either G or the Earth's mass. Since these are related to the Earth's density by a trivial web of algebraic relations, none of these sources are wrong, but they do not match the exact word choice of Cavendish, [23] [24] and this mistake has been pointed out by several authors.
The value of the constant G was first accurately determined from the results of the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798, although Cavendish did not himself calculate a numerical value for G. [5] This experiment was also the first test of Newton's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory.
2021 – Jun Ye and his team measure gravitational redshift with an accuracy of 7.6 × 10 −21 using an ultracold cloud of 100,000 strontium atoms in an optical lattice. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] 2021 – EHT measures the polarization of the ring of M87*, [ 299 ] and other properties of the magnetic field in its vicinity.
Other units include the cgs gal (sometimes known as a galileo, in either case with symbol Gal), which equals 1 centimetre per second squared, and the g (g n), equal to 9.80665 m/s 2. The value of the g n is defined as approximately equal to the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface, although the actual acceleration varies slightly ...
He then used that same balance to improve upon Cavendish's measurement of the gravitational constant G. Boys published his measurement of G in 1894. His method was based on the same basic setup as Cavendish's, but with two masses suspended at one height and two nearby masses suspended at a different height, in order to minimise the unwanted ...
Cavendish's figure of 5,448 ± 33 kg·m −3 was only 1.2% from the currently accepted value of 5,515 kg·m −3, and his result would not be significantly improved upon until 1895 by Charles Boys. [c] The care with which Cavendish conducted the experiment and the accuracy of his result has led his name to since be associated with it. [21]