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Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cell, non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system.They arise during development from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), [8] which can be identified by their expression of a number of antigens, including the ganglioside GD3, [9] [10] [11] the NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and the platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor subunit (PDGF ...
In addition, oligodendrocytes possess two distinct types of microtubules: [22] Radial microtubules: They are located in the proximal regions of the ramified processes of oligodendrocytes, that extend outward from the cell body. Lamellar microtubules: They are the microtubules that eventually wrap around the axon, forming the myelin sheath.
Multiple pathways contribute to oligodendrocyte branching, but the exact molecular process by which oligodendrocytes extend and wrap around multiple axons remains incompletely understood. [28] Laminin , a component of the extracellular matrix , plays an important role in regulating oligodendrocyte production.
Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and resemble an octopus: they have bulbous cell bodies with up to fifteen arm-like processes. Each process reaches out to an axon and spirals around it, creating a myelin sheath. The myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular fluid and speeds up signal conduction along the nerve fiber. [34]
Myelin is formed by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.Therefore, the first stage of myelinogenesis is often defined as the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or Schwann cell progenitors into their mature counterparts, [4] followed by myelin formation around axons.
Myelin (/ ˈ m aɪ. ə l ɪ n / MY-ə-lin) is a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) pass along the axon. [1] [2] The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire (the axon) with insulating material (myelin) around it. However ...
The myelin sheath that surrounds and protects nerve cells is made by cells called oligodendrocytes. In a person with MS, these cells are lost, so damaged myelin sheaths cannot be repaired.
An axon is the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potentials to the next cell. Bundles of axons make up the nerves in the PNS and tracts in the CNS. Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.