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Lendon, J.E. (2006) Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity, Yale University Press. Markle, M.M. (1982) Macedonian Arms and Tactics under Alexander the Great, Studies in the History of Art, Vol 10, Symposium Series I: Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times, pp. 86–111. National Gallery of Art.
Given the scant linguistic evidence, such as the Pella curse tablet, ancient Macedonian is regarded by most scholars as another Greek dialect, possibly related to Doric Greek or Northwestern Greek. [a] The ancient Macedonians participated in the production and fostering of Classical and later Hellenistic art.
Alexander Mosaic, showing the Battle of Issus, from the House of the Faun, Pompeii. The Companions (Greek: ἑταῖροι, Greek: [heˈtairoi̯], hetairoi) were the elite cavalry of the Macedonian army from the time of King Philip II of Macedon, achieving their greatest prestige under Alexander the Great, and regarded as the first or among the first shock cavalry used in Europe. [1]
When the armies approached each other and with a great outcry clashed in the battle, Philip, commanding the right wing, which consisted of the flower of the Macedonians serving under him, ordered his cavalry to ride past the ranks of the barbarians and attack them on the flank, while he himself falling on the enemy in a frontal assault began a ...
The Macedonian army continued to evolve under the Antigonid dynasty.It is uncertain how many men were appointed as somatophylakes bodyguards, which numbered eight men at the end of Alexander the Great's reign, while the hypaspistai seem to have morphed into assistants of the somatophylakes rather than a separate unit in their own right. [2]
Philip, and the Macedonian garrisons installed, would act as the 'keepers of the peace'. [53] At Philip's behest, the synod of the league then declared war on Persia, and voted Philip as Strategos for the forthcoming campaign. [52] An advance Macedonian force was sent to Persia in early 336 BC, with Philip due to follow later in the year. [52]
Ancient Historiography On War and Empire. Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books. Lane Fox, Robin (2011). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies In the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC–300 AD. Leiden: Brill. Roisman, Joseph and Worthington, Ian (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Somerset, UK: Wiley. Waterfield, Robin (2014).
The Kingdom of Macedonia (in dark orange) in c. 336 BC, at the end of the reign of Philip II of Macedon; other territories include Macedonian dependent states (light orange), the Molossians of Epirus (light red), Thessaly (desert sand color), the allied League of Corinth (yellow), neutral states of Sparta and Crete, and the western territories of the Achaemenid Empire in Anatolia (violet purple).