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VxD is the device driver model used in Microsoft Windows/386 2.x, the 386 enhanced mode of Windows 3.x, Windows 9x, and to some extent also by the Novell DOS 7, OpenDOS 7.01, and DR-DOS 7.02 (and higher) multitasker (TASKMGR). [1] VxDs have access to the memory of the kernel and all running processes, as well as raw access to the hardware.
In computing, the Windows Driver Model (WDM) – also known at one point as the Win32 Driver Model – is a framework for device drivers that was introduced with Windows 98 and Windows 2000 to replace VxD, which was used on older versions of Windows such as Windows 95 and Windows 3.1, as well as the Windows NT Driver Model.
The real-mode virtual device driver loader checks for duplicate virtual device drivers that exist both in the Windows\System\Vmm32 folder and the VMM32.VXD file. In a case of duplicates, the driver in the Windows\System\Vmm32 directory will be loaded. Windows 95 to 98 now query real mode drivers calling INT 2Fh and search for drivers in ...
KMixer is the Kernel Audio Mixer driver, a part of WDM Audio in Windows 98 to Windows XP which handles the mixing of multiple sound buffers into an output. The tasks performed by KMixer.sys: Mixing multiple PCM audio streams; Format, bit-depth (also known as word-length) and sample-rate conversion; Speaker configuration and channel mapping
It is the replacement for WIN386.EXE in Windows 3.x, and the file vmm32.vxd is a compressed archive containing most of the core VxD, including VMM.vxd itself and ifsmgr.vxd (which facilitates file system access without the need to call the real mode file system code of the DOS kernel).
Windows 98 also includes a WDM streaming class driver (Stream.sys) to address real time multimedia data stream processing requirements and a WDM kernel-mode video transport for enhanced video playback and capture. Windows Driver Model also includes Broadcast Driver Architecture, the backbone for TV technologies support in Windows.
In Windows 95, 98 and Me, the DirectSound mixer component and the sound card drivers were both implemented as a kernel-mode VxD driver (Dsound.vxd), allowing direct access to the primary buffer used by the audio hardware and thus, providing the lowest possible latency between the user-mode API and the underlying hardware, but in some cases ...
In Windows 3.x, the WIN.COM starts KRNL286.EXE (standard mode) or KRNL386.EXE (386 enhanced mode). In Windows 9x, the WIN.COM starts VMM32.VXD . When all system configuration files and device drivers have been loaded, the 16-bit modules, KRNL386.EXE , GDI.EXE , and USER.EXE , are loaded, then the 32-bit DLLs ( KERNEL32.DLL , GDI32.DLL , and ...