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Imagine that the true rotation of a four-spoke wheel is clockwise. [3] The first instance of visibility of the wheel may occur when one spoke is at 12 o'clock. If by the time the next instance of visibility occurs, the spoke previously at 9 o'clock has moved into the 12-o'clock position, then a viewer will perceive the wheel to be stationary.
The Hering illusion (1861): When two straight and parallel lines are presented in front of radial background (like the spokes of a bicycle), the lines appear as if they were bowed outwards. Hollow-Face illusion: The Hollow-Face illusion is an optical illusion in which the perception of a concave mask of a face appears as a normal convex face.
Commonly used models vary from 18 spokes for racing bikes to 36 for cross-country touring bikes to 48 spokes on tandems and heavily abused BMX bikes. The minimum number of spokes allowed for competition is 12. [1] Some lowrider bicycles use as many as 144 brightly chromed spokes per wheel, although these are not meant for serious riding.
The 'diamond' frame's central, horizontal top bar forces the rider to swing a leg over the bicycle's seat. A Triumph step-through, ladies', or open frame Dursley Pedersen bicycle circa 1910 A penny-farthing photographed in the Škoda Auto Museum in the Czech Republic A Brompton folding bicycle Bicycle in Victorian Plymouth, England, with a predecessor of the Starley diamond-frame A cantilever ...
Portage strap: a strap (usually made of leather) attached to the inside of the bike frame, designed to make carrying the bike over one's shoulder easier; Pulley wheel: see Jockey wheel; Power meter: a device on a bicycle that measures the power output of the rider; Quick release: a skewer with a lever on one end that loosens when the lever is ...
A bamboo bicycle has a frame made of bamboo. A cardboard bicycle is made of cardboard. A lugged steel bicycle has a frame made of steel. An aluminium bicycle has a frame made of aluminium alloys. A plastic bicycle was an attempt in the early 1980s to introduce a bicycle made entirely out of plastic materials instead of metal.
An angular size illusion may be accompanied by (or cause) a linear size illusion at the same time. The perceived visual angle paradigm begins with a rejection of the classical size–distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH), which states that the ratio of perceived linear size to perceived distance is a simple function of the visual angle.
A spoke nipple holds a bicycle wheel's rim to each spoke. The spoke nipple is a headed cylinder with threading on the inside through part of its length (there is an unthreaded lead-in nearest the "flats"). Traditionally, the nipples fit in holes in the rim, so that the head of the nipple is on the outermost part of the rim, while the other end ...