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The issue of school speech or curricular speech as it relates to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution has been the center of controversy and litigation since the mid-20th century. The First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech applies to students in the public schools.
Pure speech in United States law is the communication of ideas through spoken or written words or through conduct limited in form to that necessary to convey the idea. It is distinguished from symbolic speech , which involves conveying an idea or message through behavior.
Amended the Higher Education Act to indefinitely extend a grant program for Historically Black Graduate or Professional Schools. Pub. L. 104–141 (text) 1997 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 Pub. L. 105–17 (text) 1997 Balanced Budget Act of 1997: Included a provision that repealed the Smith–Hughes Act.
The government is not permitted to fire an employee based on the employee's speech if three criteria are met: the speech addresses a matter of public concern; the speech is not made pursuant to the employee's job duties, but rather the speech is made in the employee's capacity as a citizen; [47] and the damage inflicted on the government by the ...
Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393 (2007), is a United States Supreme Court case where the Court held, 5–4, that the First Amendment does not prevent educators from prohibiting or punishing student speech that is reasonably viewed as promoting illegal drug use.
In political science, the Copenhagen School adopts speech act as a form of felicitous speech act (or simply 'facilitating conditions'), whereby the speaker, often politicians or players, act in accordance to the truth but in preparation for the audience to take action in the directions of the player that are driven or incited by the act.
[7] In August 2018, the province of Ontario required all colleges and universities to develop and comply with a free speech policy based on the Chicago principles. [ 9 ] While the campaign to adopt the Chicago principles has gained traction among both public and private universities, some critics have challenged the cut-and-paste nature of the ...
Cases that consider the First Amendment implications of payments mandated by the state going to use in part for speech by third parties Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977) Communications Workers of America v. Beck (1978) Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson (1986) Keller v. State Bar of California (1990) Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n ...