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The recordings test "comprehension of spoken English". [9] Students listen once to each recording and answer all the questions based on the recording; each question is spoken twice. Note-taking in the examination booklet is allowed. The test booklet only has the answer choices and the questions are not printed in the test booklet. [2]
The Finkbeiner test, named for the science journalist Ann Finkbeiner, [1] is a checklist to help science journalists avoid gender bias in articles about women in science. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It asks writers to avoid describing women scientists in terms of stereotypically feminine traits, such as their family arrangements.
There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [32] Congruence bias, the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses. [12]
The reversal test is a heuristic designed to spot and eliminate status quo bias, an emotional bias irrationally favouring the current state of affairs.The test is applicable to the evaluation of any decision involving a potential deviation from the status quo along some continuous dimension.
Heckman's correction involves a normality assumption, provides a test for sample selection bias and formula for bias corrected model. Suppose that a researcher wants to estimate the determinants of wage offers, but has access to wage observations for only those who work.
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A standardized test is a test that is administered and scored in a consistent, or "standard", manner. Standardized tests are designed in such a way that the questions and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner. [1]
Acquiescence bias, which is also referred to as "yea-saying", is a category of response bias in which respondents to a survey have a tendency to agree with all the questions in a measure. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] This bias in responding may represent a form of dishonest reporting because the participant automatically endorses any statements, even if the ...