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  2. Age of Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment

    Cesare Beccaria, father of classical criminal theory. Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a "science of man," [47] which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and ...

  3. John Locke - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke

    John Locke's portrait by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, London. John Locke (/ l ɒ k /; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 ()) [13] was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".

  4. List of intellectuals of the Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intellectuals_of...

    Professor of Law at University of Olomouc, leading figure of Enlightenment in the Habsburg monarchy: Montesquieu: 1689–1755: French: Political thinker. Famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions all over the world.

  5. American Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment

    The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual and ... republican values made inevitable ... on the basis of the theory of representation did the full ...

  6. Thomas Hobbes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes

    Thomas Hobbes (/ h ɒ b z / HOBZ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. [4] He is considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. [5] [6]

  7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau

    Jean-Jacques Rousseau (UK: / ˈ r uː s oʊ /, US: / r uː ˈ s oʊ /; [1] [2] French: [ʒɑ̃ʒak ʁuso]; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher (), writer, and composer.. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational ...

  8. Immanuel Kant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant

    Immanuel Kant [a] (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential and controversial figures in modern Western philosophy.

  9. Voltaire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire

    Macaulay made note of the fear that Voltaire's very name incited in tyrants and fanatics. [241] [h] In Russia, Catherine the Great had been reading Voltaire for sixteen years prior to becoming Empress in 1762. [239] [242] In October 1763, she began a correspondence with the philosopher that continued till his death.