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In English, many vowel shifts affect only vowels followed by /r/ in rhotic dialects, or vowels that were historically followed by /r/ that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects. Most of them involve the merging of vowel distinctions, so fewer vowel phonemes occur before /r/ than in other positions of a word.
English phonology is the system of speech sounds used in spoken English. Like many other languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect. In general, however, the regional dialects of English share a largely similar (but not identical) phonological system.
Some consider ğ to be a separate phoneme. Ubykh: Northwest Caucasian: 86-88: 84 2-4 4 consonants are only found in loanwords. Urdu: Indo-European: 61: 48 11 + (2) Besides its Indo-Aryan base, Urdu includes a range of phonemes which are derived from other languages such as Arabic, Persian, English, and more. [citation needed] Vaeakau-Taumako ...
Pin–pen merger: the raising of /ɛ/ to /ɪ/ before nasal consonants in Southern American English and southwestern varieties of Hiberno-English. Horse-hoarse merger: /ɔr/ and /or/ merge in many varieties of English; Vowel mergers before intervocalic /r/ in most of North America (resistance occurs mainly on the east coast):
Phonemes that are significantly limited by such restrictions may be called restricted phonemes. In English, examples of such restrictions include the following: /ŋ/, as in sing, occurs only at the end of a syllable, never at the beginning (in many other languages, such as Māori, Swahili, Tagalog, Thai, and Setswana, /ŋ/ can appear word ...
In English, this happens most often with vowels, although not exclusively. See phonemic differentiation for more information. Due to the wide geographic distribution of the English language and the number and variety of speakers, there are phonemic pairs which are distinguished in some accents and varieties, but considered identical in others.
Differences in pronunciation between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) can be divided into . differences in accent (i.e. phoneme inventory and realisation).See differences between General American and Received Pronunciation for the standard accents in the United States and Britain; for information about other accents see regional accents of English.
A sonority hierarchy or sonority scale is a hierarchical ranking of speech sounds (or phones).Sonority is loosely defined as the loudness of speech sounds relative to other sounds of the same pitch, length and stress, [1] therefore sonority is often related to rankings for phones to their amplitude. [2]