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Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, [174] or fertilized egg.
The effect of adding n-propyl gallate to the incubated leaves was also observed. N-propyl gallate is a molecule that helps distinguish between PQ reduction and oxidation activities by inhibiting PTOX. [8] Quiles noted an increase in chlorophyll fluorescence inside the thylakoid membrane of plant cells, after the addition of n-propyl gallate. [4]
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis , such as the euglenids and ...
Plastids function to store different components including starches, fats, and proteins. [9] All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. Proplastids and young chloroplasts typically divide by binary fission, but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), also known as plastid DNA (ptDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus.
In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and an intermembrane space.
Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. They are embedded in a paracrystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts. They are composed of lipids and proteins that include various photosynthetic pigments and redox carriers.
Two families of reaction centers in photosystems can be distinguished: type I reaction centers (such as photosystem I in chloroplasts and in green-sulfur bacteria) and type II reaction centers (such as photosystem II in chloroplasts and in non-sulfur purple bacteria). The two photosystems originated from a common ancestor, but have since ...