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Jingle-jangle fallacies are erroneous assumptions that either two different things are the same because they bear the same name (jingle fallacy); or two identical or almost identical things are different because they are labeled differently (jangle fallacy).
This fallacy occurs when a temporal sequence is mistaken for a causal relationship, leading to the erroneous assumption that if one event follows another, the former must have caused the latter. [9] Such reasoning can be deceptive, as the apparent connection between events may overlook critical variables that could explain the observed outcomes.
The assumption that if the origin of an idea comes from a biased mind, then the idea itself must also be a falsehood. [38] Appeal to authority (argument from authority, argumentum ad verecundiam) – an assertion is deemed true because of the position or authority of the person asserting it. [75] [76]
Fallacies are types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments logically unsound. [7] According to The New Handbook of Cognitive Therapy Techniques, they include "unsubstantiated assertions that are often delivered with a conviction that makes them sound as though they are proven facts". [8]
Fallacy of the single cause – Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary; Causality – How one process influences another; Cognitive dissonance – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions; Just-world fallacy – Hypothesis that a person's actions will have morally fair and fitting consequences
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The p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true, or the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false; it is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the ...
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