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Cardiotonic agents, also known as cardiac inotropes or stimulants, have a positive impact on the myocardium (muscular layer of the heart) by enhancing its contractility. . Unlike general inotropes, these agents exhibit a higher level of specificity as they selectively target the myocar
Side effects of metaraminol include reflex bradycardia among others. Metaraminol is a norepinephrine releasing agent and at high doses a α 1-adrenergic receptor agonist with some β-adrenergic effect. [6] [7] [8] It is a substituted amphetamine and is closely related to phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, and oxilofrine. [4] [5]
Common side effects include headache, slow heart rate, and anxiety. [2] Other side effects include an irregular heartbeat. [2] If it leaks out of the vein at the site it is being given, norepinephrine can result in limb ischemia. [2] If leakage occurs the use of phentolamine in the area affected may improve outcomes. [2]
Both positive and negative inotropes are used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions. The choice of agent depends largely on specific pharmacological effects of individual agents with respect to the condition. One of the most important factors affecting inotropic state is the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell ...
Although both vasopressors, vasopressin and epinephrine differ in that vasopressin does not have direct effects on cardiac contractility as epinephrine does. [18] Thus, vasopressin is theorized to be of increased benefit over epinephrine in cardiac arrest due to its properties of not increasing myocardial and cerebral oxygen demands. [18]
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .
Side effects of isoprenaline include rapid heart beat, heart palpitations, and arrhythmias, among others. [9] Isoprenaline is a selective agonist of the β-adrenergic receptors, including both the β 1-and β 2-adrenergic receptors. [9] By activating these receptors, it increases heart rate and the force of heart contractions. [10]
An antihypotensive, also known as vasopressor, is an agent that raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, thereby increasing systemic vascular resistance. This is different from inotropes which increase the force of cardiac contraction. Some substances do both (e.g. dopamine, dobutamine).