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Some based their hypothetical divisions of race on the most obvious physical differences, like skin color, while others used geographic location, shape, stature, food habits, and other distinguishing characteristics to delineate between races. However, cultural notions of racial and gender superiority tainted early scientific discovery. In the ...
Many humans are acutely sensitive to their physical appearance. [1] Some differences in human appearance are genetic, others are the result of age, lifestyle or disease, and many are the result of personal adornment. Some people have linked some differences with ethnicity, such as skeletal shape, prognathism or elongated stride. Different ...
Today, the consensus among scientists is that race is a social construct, and that using it as a proxy for genetic differences among populations is misleading. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Many constructions of race are associated with phenotypical traits and geographic ancestry, and scholars like Carl Linnaeus have proposed scientific models for the ...
Differences in health status, health outcomes, life expectancy, and many other indicators of health in different racial and ethnic groups are well documented. [4] Epidemiological data indicate that racial groups are unequally affected by diseases, in terms or morbidity and mortality. [ 5 ]
Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses.
U.S. ethnic groups can exhibit substantial average differences in disease incidence, disease severity, disease progression, and response to treatment. [31] African Americans have higher rates of mortality than does any other racial or ethnic group for 8 of the top 10 causes of death. [32]
The first human population studies based on mitochondrial DNA were performed by restriction enzyme analyses (RFLPs) and revealed differences between the four ethnic groups (Caucasian, Amerindian, African, and Asian). Differences in mtDNA patterns have also been shown in communities with a different geographic origin within the same ethnic group ...
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include people of a common language , culture , common sets of ancestry , traditions , society, religion , history, or social treatment.