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This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects. [78] Long-term opioid use can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain. [101] All of the opioids can cause side effects. [70]
Opioids, such as fentanyl, morphine, and oxycodone, are used to treat post-surgery pain and chronic pain. [6] Opioids work by affecting the brain cells and reducing the perception of pain. [7] Other side effects include euphoria, mood changes, and the clouding or complete loss of consciousness. [8]
Common side effects associated with opioid use include: sedation, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, and potentially fatal respiratory depression. Of these the most common are constipation & nausea. There is no development of tolerance to constipation. [30]
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a ... decrease the risk of misuse and adverse effects. [19] Long-term opioid use occurs in about 4% of people ... potential side effects ...
Non-medical use of fentanyl by individuals without opioid tolerance can be very dangerous and has resulted in numerous deaths. [166] Even those with opiate tolerances are at high risk for overdoses. Like all opioids, the effects of fentanyl can be reversed with naloxone, or other opiate antagonists. Naloxone is increasingly available to the public.
[44] [45] Less common side effects (experienced by less than 5% of patients) include loss of appetite, nervousness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, urinary retention, dyspnea, and hiccups. [46] Most side effects generally become less intense over time, although issues related to constipation are likely to continue for the duration of use. [47]
Naloxone works by temporarily blocking the effects of opioids, including respiratory depression and sedation. [49] [3] Naloxone is safe and side effects are rare, generally limited to allergic reactions. [50] It should be given if there is any suspicion of an opioid overdose.
Different drug classes have different side effects. Long-term medical conditions induced by opioid include infection, hyperalgesia, opioid-induced bowel syndrome, opioid-related leukoencephalopathy and opioid amnestic syndrome. [32] Misuse of prescribed opioids medications is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. [37]