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Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. [1] Data processing is a form of information processing , which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.
A real-life ETL cycle may consist of additional execution steps, for example: Cycle initiation; Build reference data; Extract (from sources) Validate; Transform (clean, apply business rules, check for data integrity, create aggregates or disaggregates) Stage (load into staging tables, if used) Audit reports (for example, on compliance with ...
The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch–execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.
Process. The process (function, transformation) is part of a system that transforms inputs to outputs. The symbol of a process is a circle, an oval, a rectangle or a rectangle with rounded corners (according to the type of notation). The process is named in one word, a short sentence, or a phrase that is clearly to express its essence. [7] Data ...
In computer engineering, instruction pipelining is a technique for implementing instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. Pipelining attempts to keep every part of the processor busy with some instruction by dividing incoming instructions into a series of sequential steps (the eponymous "pipeline") performed by different processor units with different parts of instructions ...
The data hazard is detected in the decode stage, and the fetch and decode stages are stalled - they are prevented from flopping their inputs and so stay in the same state for a cycle. The execute, access, and write-back stages downstream see an extra no-operation instruction (NOP) inserted between the LD and AND instructions.
The input–process–output (IPO) model, or input-process-output pattern, is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most basic structure for describing a ...
The key concept of out-of-order processing is to allow the processor to avoid a class of stalls that occur when the data needed to perform an operation are unavailable. In the outline above, the processor avoids the stall that occurs in step 2 of the in-order processor when the instruction is not completely ready to be processed due to missing ...