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In a recent study on metacognition, measures of metamemory (such as study time allocation) and executive function were found to decline with age. [42] This contradicts earlier studies, which showed no decline when metamemory was dissociated from other forms of memory and even suggested that metamemory could improve with age. [43]
This study found that sleep improved memory retention of emotional text only during late sleep phase, which was primarily REM. Similarly, Hu & Stylos-Allen, et al. performed a study with emotional versus neutral pictures and concluded that REM sleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memories.
Young woman asleep over study materials. The relationship between sleep and memory has been studied since at least the early 19th century.Memory, the cognitive process of storing and retrieving past experiences, learning and recognition, [1] is a product of brain plasticity, the structural changes within synapses that create associations between stimuli.
[3] [4] Research has shown that both components of metacognition play key roles in metaconceptual knowledge and learning. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 4 ] Metamemory , defined as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is an important aspect of metacognition.
At the time of the original publication there was a schism in the field of memory on the issue of a single process or dual-process model of memory, the two processes referring to short-term and long-term memory. [24] [26] Atkinson and Shiffrin cite hippocampal lesion studies as compelling evidence for a separation of the two stores. [1]
Another study done using cued recall found that learning occurs during test trials. Mark Carrier and Pashler (1992) found that the group with a study-only phase makes 10% more errors than the group with a test-study phase. In the study-only phase, participants were given Ai-Bi, where Ai was an English word and Bi was a Siberian Eskimo Yupik word.
One of the important questions in sleep research is clearly defining the sleep state. This problem arises because sleep was traditionally defined as a state of consciousness and not as a physiological state, [14] [15] thus there was no clear definition of what minimum set of events constitute sleep and distinguish it from other states of partial or no consciousness.
Flavell is known for his research into metacognition and the child's theory of mind; he is credited for coining the term metacognition, [10] [11] and as the founder of metacognition theory. [12] [13] He has also published widely on children's developing understanding of the distinction between appearance and reality.