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Though any number of quantization levels is possible, common word lengths are 8-bit (256 levels), 16-bit (65,536 levels) and 24-bit (16.8 million levels). Quantizing a sequence of numbers produces a sequence of quantization errors which is sometimes modeled as an additive random signal called quantization noise because of its stochastic ...
Functions of space, time, or any other dimension can be sampled, and similarly in two or more dimensions. For functions that vary with time, let () be a continuous function (or "signal") to be sampled, and let sampling be performed by measuring the value of the continuous function every seconds, which is called the sampling interval or sampling period.
Simulation-based methods: Monte Carlo simulations, importance sampling, adaptive sampling, etc. General surrogate-based methods: In a non-instrusive approach, a surrogate model is learnt in order to replace the experiment or the simulation with a cheap and fast approximation. Surrogate-based methods can also be employed in a fully Bayesian fashion.
In machine learning and data mining, quantification (variously called learning to quantify, or supervised prevalence estimation, or class prior estimation) is the task of using supervised learning in order to train models (quantifiers) that estimate the relative frequencies (also known as prevalence values) of the classes of interest in a sample of unlabelled data items.
The equivalence of this inefficient method and the implementation described above is known as the first Noble identity. [6] [c] It is sometimes used in derivations of the polyphase method. Fig 1: These graphs depict the spectral distributions of an oversampled function and the same function sampled at 1/3 the original rate.
The term Nyquist Sampling Theorem (capitalized thus) appeared as early as 1959 in a book from his former employer, Bell Labs, [22] and appeared again in 1963, [23] and not capitalized in 1965. [24] It had been called the Shannon Sampling Theorem as early as 1954, [25] but also just the sampling theorem by several other books in the early 1950s.
The sampling theorem states that sampling frequency would have to be greater than 200 Hz. Sampling at four times that rate requires a sampling frequency of 800 Hz. This gives the anti-aliasing filter a transition band of 300 Hz ((f s /2) − B = (800 Hz/2) − 100 Hz = 300 Hz) instead of 0 Hz if the sampling frequency was 200 Hz. Achieving an ...
In social science research, snowball sampling is a similar technique, where existing study subjects are used to recruit more subjects into the sample. Some variants of snowball sampling, such as respondent driven sampling, allow calculation of selection probabilities and are probability sampling methods under certain conditions.