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Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
In electrical circuits, reactance is the opposition presented to alternating current by inductance and capacitance. [1] Along with resistance, it is one of two elements of impedance; however, while both elements involve transfer of electrical energy, no dissipation of electrical energy as heat occurs in reactance; instead, the reactance stores energy until a quarter-cycle later when the energy ...
The stub is made capacitive or inductive according to whether the main line presents an inductive or capacitive impedance, respectively. This is not the same as the actual impedance of the load since the reactive part of the load impedance will be subject to impedance transformer action and the resistive part.
It is helpful to associate changing electric currents with a build-up or decrease of magnetic field energy. The corresponding energy transfer requires or generates a voltage. A mechanical analogy in the K = 1 case with magnetic field energy (1/2)Li 2 is a body with mass M, velocity u and kinetic energy (1/2)Mu 2. The rate of change of velocity ...
The total reactance at the angular frequency therefore is given by the geometric (complex) addition of a capacitive reactance (Capacitance) = and an inductive reactance : =. To calculate the impedance Z {\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z} the resistance has to be added geometrically and then Z {\displaystyle Z} is given by
Inductive reactance = increases as frequency increases, while capacitive reactance = decreases with increase in frequency (defined here as a positive number). At one particular frequency, these two reactances are equal and the voltages across them are equal and opposite in sign; that frequency is called the resonant frequency f 0 for the given ...
d is the thickness of the sheet or diameter of the wire (m), f is the frequency (Hz), k is a constant equal to 1 for a thin sheet and 2 for a thin wire, ρ is the resistivity of the material (Ω m), and; D is the density of the material (kg/m 3).
Summation of the inductive and capacitive coupling coefficients is performed by formula [3] = + +. (8) This formula is derived from the definition (6) and formulas (4) and (7). Note that the sign of the coupling coefficient itself is of no importance. Frequency response of the filter will not change if signs of all the coupling coefficients ...