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A special case of thermocouple wire is known as "extension grade", designed to carry the thermoelectric circuit over a longer distance. Extension wires follow the stated E ( T ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle E(T)} curve but for various reasons they are not designed to be used in extreme environments and so they cannot be used at the sensing ...
If the load resistor at the bottom is replaced with a voltmeter, the circuit then functions as a temperature-sensing thermocouple. The Seebeck effect is the electromotive force (emf) that develops across two points of an electrically conducting material when there is a temperature difference between them.
The two top thermocouple junctions are at temperature T 1 while the two bottom thermocouple junctions are at temperature T 2. The output voltage from the thermopile, ΔV , is directly proportional to the temperature differential, ΔT or T 1 - T 2 , across the thermal resistance layer and number of thermocouple junction pairs.
Vertical design has thermocouples arranged vertically between the hot and cool plates, leading to high integration of thermocouples as well as a high output voltage, making this design the most widely-used design commercially. The mixed design has the thermocouples arranged laterally on the substrate while the heat flow is vertical between plates.
In thermocouples the Seebeck effect is used to measure temperatures, and for accuracy it is desirable to use materials with a Seebeck coefficient that is stable over time. Physically, the magnitude and sign of the Seebeck coefficient can be approximately understood as being given by the entropy per unit charge carried by electrical currents in ...
SiGe thermocouples in an RTG convert heat directly into electricity.Thermoelectric power generation requires a constantly maintained temperature difference among the junctions of the two dissimilar metals (i.e. Si and Ge) to produce a low power closed circuit electric current without extra circuitry or external power sources.