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MAP for GSM (prior to Release 4) is specified by 3GPP TS 09.02 (MAP v1, MAP v2) MAP for UMTS ("3G") and GSM (Release 99 and later) is specified by 3GPP TS 29.002 (MAP v3) In cellular networks based on ANSI standards (currently CDMA2000 , in the past AMPS , IS-136 and cdmaOne ) plays the role of the MAP a similar protocol usually called IS-41 or ...
While the MAP 3GPP specifications make some effort to divorce MAP from the layer that transports it, the typical transport is via TCAP which in turn is via SCCP/MTP[1-3] and/or SIGTRAN protocols (SUA, M3UA etc.). A MAP_OPEN construct therefore is directly related to a TCAP_BEGIN with a MAP application context, a MAP_CLOSE is a TCAP_END.
The term "call center" was first published and recognised by the Oxford English Dictionary in 1983. The 1980s saw the development of toll-free telephone numbers to increase the efficiency of agents and overall call volume. Call centers increased with the deregulation of long-distance calling and growth in information-dependent industries. [11]
The first use of a national emergency telephone number began in the United Kingdom in 1937 using the number 999, which continues to this day. [6] In the United States, the first 911 service was established by the Alabama Telephone Company and the first call was made in Haleyville, Alabama, in 1968 by Alabama Speaker of the House Rankin Fite and answered by U.S. Representative Tom Bevill.
Map of LATAs in the US. Local access and transport area (LATA) is a term used in U.S. telecommunications regulation.It represents a geographical area of the United States under the terms of the Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ) entered by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in Civil Action number 82-0192 or any other geographic area designated as a LATA in the ...
This chain of intermediate operators could complete the call only if intermediate trunk lines were available between all the centers at the same time. In 1943 when military calls had priority, a cross-country US call might take as long as 2 hours to request and schedule in cities that used manual switchboards for toll calls.
The first use of 3-1-1 for informational services was in Baltimore, Maryland, where the service commenced on 2 October 1996. [2] 3-1-1 is intended to connect callers to a call center that can be the same as the 9-1-1 call center, but with 3-1-1 calls assigned a secondary priority, answered only when no 9-1-1 calls are waiting.
If a call center is handling calls for multiple product lines, the corporate telephone system that receives the call analyzes the DNIS signaling and may play an appropriate recorded greeting. For interactive voice response (IVR) systems, DNIS is used as routing information for dispatching purposes, to determine which script or service should be ...