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These Parthian heroic poems, "mainly known through Persian of the lost Middle Persian Xwaday-namag, and notably through Firdausi's Shahnameh, [were] doubtless not yet wholly lost in the Khurasan of [Firdausi's] day." [24] In Parthia itself, attested use of written Parthian is limited to the nearly three thousand ostraca found (in what seems to ...
With real nature, we can receive answers that render the most alien-looking and silent beings understandable, from plants to sea urchins and sponges—much like they did for Aristotle, who was ...
David Demeritt's typology of the social construction of nature looks at the idea from several standpoints. He seeks to clarify the meaning through exploring the extent of the different uses applied to the term. [4] [5] Other examinations of the social construction of Nature, from a postmodern perspective, include:
Sometimes we understand by nature the established course of things, as when we say that nature makes the night succeed the day, nature hath made respiration necessary to the life of men. Sometimes we take nature for an aggregate of powers belonging to a body, especially a living one, as when physicians say that nature is strong or weak or spent ...
A number of academics, particularly in North America, consider modern paganism a form of nature religion. [17] A Heathen shrine to the god Freyr, Sweden, 2010. Some practitioners completely eschew the use of the term pagan, preferring to use more specific names for their religion, such as "Heathen" or "Wiccan". [18]
Nature operates by the laws of physics and in principle, can be explained and understood by science and philosophy; The supernatural does not exist, i.e., only nature is real. Naturalism is therefore a metaphysical philosophy opposed primarily by supernaturalism". [25]
Going further, the philosophical concept of nature or natures as a special type of causation - for example that the way particular humans are is partly caused by something called "human nature" is an essential step towards Aristotle's teaching concerning causation, which became standard in all Western philosophy until the arrival of modern science.
Dubbed the "War of the Naturalists" by The New York Times, it revealed seemingly irreconcilable contemporary views of the natural world: while some nature writers of the day argued as to the veracity of their examples of anthropomorphic wild animals, others questioned an animal's ability to adapt, learn, teach, and reason.