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Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the ...
Buffon's needle was the earliest problem in geometric probability to be solved; [2] it can be solved using integral geometry. The solution for the sought probability p, in the case where the needle length l is not greater than the width t of the strips, is. This can be used to design a Monte Carlo method for approximating the number π ...
Unlike a probability, a probability density function can take on values greater than one; for example, the continuous uniform distribution on the interval [0, 1/2] has probability density f(x) = 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/2 and f(x) = 0 elsewhere. The standard normal distribution has probability density. If a random variable X is given and its ...
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms. Typically these axioms formalise probability in terms of a ...
The graph of a probability mass function. All the values of this function must be non-negative and sum up to 1. In probability and statistics, a probability mass function (sometimes called probability function or frequency function [1]) is a function that gives the probability that a discrete random variable is exactly equal to some value. [2]
Clay Mathematics Institute: 2000 Simon problems: 15 <12 [7] [8] Barry Simon: 2000 Unsolved Problems on Mathematics for the 21st Century [9] 22-Jair Minoro Abe, Shotaro Tanaka: 2001 DARPA's math challenges [10] [11] 23-DARPA: 2007 Erdős's problems [12] >850: 588: Paul Erdős: Over six decades of Erdős' career, from the 1930s to 1990s
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v. t. e. In probability theory and statistics, the Bernoulli distribution, named after Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, [1] is the discrete probability distribution of a random variable which takes the value 1 with probability and the value 0 with probability . Less formally, it can be thought of as a model for the set of possible outcomes ...