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t. e. Emotion classification, the means by which one may distinguish or contrast one emotion from another, is a contested issue in emotion research and in affective science. Researchers have approached the classification of emotions from one of two fundamental viewpoints: [citation needed]
The PAD emotional state model is a psychological model developed by Albert Mehrabian and James A. Russell (1974 and after) to describe and measure emotional states. PAD uses three numerical dimensions, P leasure, A rousal and D ominance to represent all emotions. [1][2] Its initial use was in a theory of environmental psychology, the core idea ...
The Differential Emotions Scale (DES) (Izard, 1997s) is a multidimensional self-report device for assessment of an individual's emotions (whether fundamental emotions or patterns of emotions). [2] The DES helps measure mood based on Carroll Izard's differential emotions theory, [3] The DES consists of thirty items, three for each of the ten ...
Discrete emotion theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions. For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963) concluded that there are nine basic affects which correspond with what we come to know as emotions: interest , enjoyment , surprise , distress , fear , anger , shame , dissmell (reaction to bad smell) and disgust .
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Emotions are physical and mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure. [1][2][3][4] There is no scientific consensus on a definition. [5][6] Emotions are often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, or ...
Carroll Izard. Carroll Ellis Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017) [1] was an American research psychologist [2][3][4] known for his contributions to differential emotions theory (DET), [5][6] and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX) on which he worked with Paul Ekman. [7] Izard also undertook empirical studies into ...
Appraisal theory. Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal. [1]