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By 1963, a new structural system of framed tubes had appeared in skyscraper design and construction. Fazlur Rahman Khan, a structural engineer from Bangladesh (then called East Pakistan) who worked at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or ...
Khan's central innovation in skyscraper design and construction was the idea of the "tube" structural system for tall buildings, including the framed tube, trussed tube, and bundled tube variants. His "tube concept", using all the exterior wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionized tall building design ...
Tube-frame construction was first used in the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building, designed by Khan and completed in Chicago in 1963. [5] It was used soon after for the John Hancock Center and in the construction of the World Trade Center. A variation on the tube frame is the bundled tube, which uses several interconnected tube frames.
Clustered tube structure of the Willis Tower Image title Dimetric projections of bundled tube structure of the Willis (Sears) Tower and simplified floor plans, by CMG Lee.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." [49] Tube in tube: Tube-in-tube system takes advantage of core shear wall tubes in addition to exterior tubes. The inner tube and outer tube work together to resist gravity loads and lateral loads and to provide additional ...
Willis Tower, completed in 1973, introduced the bundled tube structural system and was the world's tallest building until 1998. In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.
The Chicago Willis Tower uses a bundle of tube structures which, in turn, include numerous outer wall columns. Due to the immense weight of skyscrapers, the base and walls of the lower floors must be extremely strong. Pilings are used to anchor the building to the bedrock underground.
[32] [33] He defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation."