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Acarbose is a starch blocker. It works by inhibiting alpha glucosidase, an intestinal enzyme that releases glucose from larger carbohydrates such as starch and sucrose. It is composed of an acarviosin moiety with a maltose at the reducing terminus. It can be degraded by a number of gut bacteria. [3]
In the sugar analogues of dapagliflozin, the β-C series are more active than α-C series so it is critical that the β-configuration is at C-1 for the inhibitory activity. [55] Both dapagliflozin and empagliflozin contain a chlorine (Cl) atom in their chemical structure. Cl is a halogen and it has a high electronegativity. This ...
Serious side effects may include angioedema, low blood sugar, kidney problems, pancreatitis, and joint pain. [8] Whether use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe is unclear. [ 10 ] It is in the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class and works by increasing the production of insulin and decreasing the production of glucagon by the pancreas.
Glucagon, sold under the brand name Baqsimi among others, is a medication and hormone. [9] As a medication it is used to treat low blood sugar, beta blocker overdose, calcium channel blocker overdose, and those with anaphylaxis who do not improve with epinephrine. [10]
GLP-1 regulates digestion and blood sugar. The small intestine releases GLP-1 when food is eaten. It reduces hunger, signals fullness, stimulates insulin, and inhibits glucagon, maintaining glucose levels. Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. [14] [15] [16] The drug decreases blood sugar levels.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, also known as GLP-1 analogs, GLP-1DAs, or incretin mimetics, [1] are a class of anorectic drugs that reduce blood sugar and energy intake by activating the GLP-1 receptor. They mimic the actions of the endogenous incretin hormone GLP-1, which is released by the gut after eating.