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Several skin whitening agents, including tyrosinase inhibitors, have been found to cause an increase in the expression of tyrosinase, which by itself would increase melanin synthesis. [ 43 ] Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the master transcription factor that controls the expression of TYR, TRP1, and TRP2, MART1 ...
Tretinoin was patented in 1957 and approved for medical use in 1962. [13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [14] Tretinoin is available as a generic medication. [15] In 2022, it was the 238th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions. [16] [17]
The third parameter is the pH level of the skin. The pH of the skin layers are basic, hence basic topical drugs will be absorbed better than acidic topical drugs. [14] These factors are vital to determine the permeability of topical drug delivery. [3] [1]
All-trans-retinoic acid is the major occurring retinoic acid, while isomers like 13-cis- and 9-cis-retinoic acid are also present in much lower levels. [ 6 ] The key role of all- trans -retinoic acid in embryonic development mediates the high teratogenicity of retinoid pharmaceuticals, such as isotretinoin (13- cis -retinoic acid) used for ...
Large-scale randomized, controlled clinical trials have conclusively shown that vitamin A, retinol and other retinoids increase mortality and cancer rates. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In addition to the harmful effects shared by other retinoids, bexarotene causes severe hypothyroidism .
As of 2017, more than 80 countries worldwide are implementing universal VAS programs targeted to children 6–59 months of age through semi-annual national campaigns. [69] Doses in these programs are one dose of 50,000 or 100,000 IU for children aged 6 to 11 months and 100,000 to 200,000 IU for children aged 12 months to five years, every four ...
Isotretinoin may cause liver failure, therefore the patient's blood levels should be regularly tested. [9] It is known to cause birth defects due to in-utero exposure because of the molecule's close resemblance to retinoic acid , a natural vitamin A derivative that controls normal embryonic development.
Clindamycin/tretinoin is a topical gel used in the treatment of acne. The two active ingredients are the antibiotic clindamycin phosphate (1.2%) and tretinoin (0.025%), a retinoid . [ 1 ] The two active ingredients perform different functions, the clindamycin is active against gram-positive bacteria, including streptococci and penicillin ...