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The speed of sound in a plasma for the common case that the electrons are hotter than the ions (but not too much hotter) is given by the formula (see here) = / = / /, where m i is the ion mass; μ is the ratio of ion mass to proton mass μ = m i / m p ;
Acoustic theory is a scientific field that relates to the description of sound waves.It derives from fluid dynamics.See acoustics for the engineering approach.. For sound waves of any magnitude of a disturbance in velocity, pressure, and density we have
Animation of the additive synthesis of a triangle wave with an increasing number of harmonics. See Fourier Analysis for a mathematical description.. It is possible to approximate a triangle wave with additive synthesis by summing odd harmonics of the fundamental while multiplying every other odd harmonic by −1 (or, equivalently, changing its phase by π) and multiplying the amplitude of the ...
where is the Laplace operator, is the acoustic pressure (the local deviation from the ambient pressure), and is the speed of sound. A similar looking wave equation but for the vector field particle velocity is given by
The speed of sound in any chemical element in the fluid phase has one temperature-dependent value. In the solid phase, different types of sound wave may be propagated, each with its own speed: among these types of wave are longitudinal (as in fluids), transversal, and (along a surface or plate) extensional. [1]
In dispersive media the phase velocity is not necessarily the same as the group velocity. The phase velocity varies with frequency. The phase velocity is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space. The group velocity is the rate at which the wave envelope, i.e. the changes in amplitude, propagates. The wave envelope is the ...
An acoustic wave is a mechanical wave that transmits energy through the movements of atoms and molecules. Acoustic waves transmit through fluids in a longitudinal manner (movement of particles are parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave); in contrast to electromagnetic waves that transmit in transverse manner (movement of particles at a right angle to the direction of propagation ...
Here is the time variable expressed in units of length using some characteristic velocity (e.g., speed of light or sound), is a constant originated from the separation of variables, and (,) represents a part of the source term in the initial wave equation that remains after application of the variable-separation procedures (a series coefficient ...