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  2. Charge exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_exchange

    Charge-exchange spectroscopy (abbreviated CES or CXS) is a technique commonly used in plasma diagnostics to analyze high-temperature controlled fusion plasmas. In fusion plasmas, the light elements tend to become fully ionized during operation, which makes it challenging to diagnose their properties using conventional optical diagnostics.

  3. Gas-phase ion chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-phase_ion_chemistry

    Charge-exchange ionization (also called charge-transfer ionization) is a gas phase reaction between an ion and a neutral species A + + B → A + B + {\displaystyle A^{+}+B\to A+B^{+}} in which the charge of the ion is transferred to the neutral.

  4. Chemi-ionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemi-ionization

    A certain amount of energy, which may be large enough, is required to remove an electron from an atom or a molecule in its ground state. [12] [13] In chemi-ionization processes, the energy consumed by the ionization must be stored in atoms or molecules in a form of potencial energy or can be obtained from an accompanying exothermic chemical change (for example, from a formation of a new ...

  5. Chemical ionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_ionization

    The chemical ionization process generally imparts less energy to an analyte molecule than does electron impact (EI) ionization, resulting in less fragmentation [2] and usually a simpler spectrum. The amount of fragmentation, and therefore the amount of structural information produced by the process can be controlled to some degree by selection ...

  6. Ion chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography

    Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger. [1] It works on almost any kind of charged molecule —including small inorganic anions, [ 2 ] large proteins , [ 3 ] small nucleotides , [ 4 ] and amino acids .

  7. Single displacement reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_displacement_reaction

    A single-displacement reaction, also known as single replacement reaction or exchange reaction, is an archaic concept in chemistry. It describes the stoichiometry of some chemical reactions in which one element or ligand is replaced by an atom or group. [1] [2] [3] It can be represented generically as: + +

  8. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

    Ion-exchange resin beads Ion-exchange column used for protein purification. Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation ...

  9. Ion source - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_source

    Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A −•.The reaction is + where the M over the arrow denotes that to conserve energy and momentum a third body is required (the molecularity of the reaction is three).