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PP cells play an important role when it comes to the regulation of plasma glucose as they help to synthesize and release pancreatic polypeptide (PP). As PP cells secrete more pancreatic polypeptide, it has been shown to have a negative effect on insulin secretion giving it anorexic effects on intestinal functionality.
Immunohistochemistry for pancreatic polypeptide in a mouse pancreas, 200×. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas.It is a hormone and it regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion.
They give rise to both the endocrine and exocrine cells. Exocrine cells constitute the acinar cells and the ductal cells. The endocrine cells constitute the beta cells which make insulin, alpha cells which secrete glucagon, delta cells which secrete somatostatin and the PP-cells which secrete pancreatic polypeptide. [3]
The cells that do this are located within the pancreatic islets that are present throughout the pancreas. When blood glucose levels are low, alpha cells secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high beta cells secrete insulin to decrease glucose in blood.
Multiple adenomas or diffuse islet cell hyperplasia commonly occurs. About 30% of tumors are malignant and have local or distant metastases. [5] About 10-15% of islet cell tumors originate from a β-cell, secrete insulin , and can cause fasting hypoglycemia. β-cell tumors are more common in patients < 40 years of age.
[2] [9] The beta cells can still secrete insulin but the body has developed a resistance and its response to insulin has declined. [4] It is believed to be due to the decline of specific receptors on the surface of the liver , adipose , and muscle cells which lose their ability to respond to insulin that circulates in the blood.
Pancreas contain nearly 1 to 2 million islets of Langerhans (a tissue which consists cells that secrete hormones) and acini. Acini secretes digestive enzymes. [9] Alpha cells. The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete hormones to maintain homeostatic blood sugar. Insulin is produced and excreted to lower blood sugar to normal levels.
Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the Pancreatic Islets, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The pancreatic islets only secrete between 1% and 3% of proinsulin intact. [ 3 ]