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The League was a business alliance of trading cities and their guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe and flourished from the 1200 to 1500, and continued with lesser importance after that. The chief cities were Cologne on the Rhine River, Hamburg and Bremen on the North Sea, and Lübeck on the Baltic. [14]
Today, Eurocities members include over 200 of Europe's major cities from 38 countries, [1] which between them represent over 130 million people. [2] Eurocities is one of the major city networks in the EU. It is an example of how city diplomacy is seeking influence and prominence in the established world of international relations. [3]
The economy of Europe comprises about 748 million people in 50 countries. Throughout this article "Europe" and derivatives of the word are taken to include selected states whose territory is only partly in Europe, such as Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia, and states that are geographically in Asia, bordering Europe and culturally adherent to the continent, such as Armenia and Cyprus.
For most economies worldwide, their leading export and import trading partners in terms of value are typically the United States, the European Union (EU) or China. Emerging markets such as Russia, Brazil, India, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Turkey, and Iran are becoming increasingly important as major markets or source countries in various regions.
The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, which works as a preparation for full European Union membership. As of 2013 [update] , it has 7 members: North Macedonia , Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina , Moldova , Montenegro , Serbia and the UNMIK (as Kosovo ).
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was created to allow European countries to partake in a free trade area with less integration as within the European Communities (later European Union). Most of the countries initially in EFTA have since joined the EU itself, so only four remain outside, Norway , Iceland , Liechtenstein and Switzerland .
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Within Central Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan. [7] Very often such differences in economic development are linked to the North-South issue. [8] This approach assumes an empirical division of the world into rich northern countries and poor southern countries.