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12AU7 is also known in Europe under its Mullard–Philips tube designation ECC82. [1] There are many equivalent tubes with different names, some identical, some designed for ruggedness, long life, or other characteristics; examples are the US military 5814A and the European special-quality ECC82 and E182CC.
12AX7 (also known as ECC83 [1]) is a miniature dual-triode vacuum tube with high voltage gain.Developed around 1946 by RCA engineers [2] in Camden, New Jersey, under developmental number A-4522, it was released for public sale under the 12AX7 identifier on September 15, 1947.
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12AT7 (also known in Europe by the Mullard–Philips tube designation of ECC81) is a miniature nine-pin medium-gain (60) dual-triode vacuum tube popular in guitar amplifiers. It belongs to a large family of dual triode vacuum tubes which share the same pinout (EIA 9A), including in particular the very commonly used low-mu 12AU7 and high-mu 12AX7.
Most post-war European thermionic valve (vacuum tube) manufacturers have used the Mullard–Philips tube designation naming scheme. Special quality variants may have the letter "S" appended, or the device description letters may be swapped with the numerals (e.g. an E82CC is a special quality version of an ECC82)
Philips continued to improve and enlarge the tube plant in New York, but also used the Amperex name to distribute their new line of Dutch-made miniature tubes, (12AX7, 12AU7, 12AT7) to feed the booming U.S. hi-fi market. Classic hi-fi brands such as Marantz, Fisher, and H. H. Scott, Inc., used these tubes.