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In computer networking, port knocking is a method of externally opening ports on a firewall by generating a connection attempt on a set of prespecified closed ports. Once a correct sequence of connection attempts is received, the firewall rules are dynamically modified to allow the host which sent the connection attempts to connect over specific port(s).
This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols for operation of network applications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) only need one port for bidirectional traffic. TCP usually uses port numbers that match the services of the corresponding UDP implementations, if they exist, and vice versa.
The new connection attempt punches a hole in the client's firewall as the endpoint now becomes open to receive a response from its peer. Depending on network conditions, one or both clients might receive a connection request. Successful exchange of an authentication nonce between both clients indicates the completion of a hole punching ...
In computer networking, a port or port number is a number assigned to uniquely identify a connection endpoint and to direct data to a specific service. At the software level, within an operating system , a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service .
Against some port knocking designs, DoS attacks are a major problem, but against othes, they are impratical or would require massive resources to be effective. Again, see this for descriptions of port knocking designs. DoS attacks are a weakness of certain specific designs, not a systemic flaw in the port knocking concept.
Network-attached storage Hardware / Storage Computer data storage: NAT: Network Address Translation Internet Layer Cisco Internet Protocol Journal: A look Inside Network Address Translators: NBMA: Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (e.g. Frame Relay ATM) Telecom See ATM, Frame Relay and X.25, for examples. NIC: Network Interface Card Physical layer ...
UDP hole punching is a method for establishing bidirectional UDP connections between Internet hosts in private networks using network address translators. The technique is not applicable in all scenarios or with all types of NATs, as NAT operating characteristics are not standardized.
Network address translation (NAT), a mechanism that serves as a measure to mitigate the issue of IPv4 address exhaustion during the transition to IPv6, is accompanied by various limitations. The most troublesome among these limitations is the fact that NAT breaks many existing IP applications, and makes it more difficult to deploy new ones. [ 1 ]