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Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are laws that define Native Americans in the United States status by fractions of Native American ancestry. These laws were enacted by the federal government and state governments as a way to establish legally defined racial population groups .
Tribal constitutions outline criteria for citizenship which can include minimum blood quantum requirements, residency, lineal descendant, or other criteria. [11] Many tribes who formed governments under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 have minimum blood quantum requirements. [11]
Blood quantum is traced from the ancestor listed on the 1924 Baker Roll. A person with a blood quantum of less than 1/16th is an Eastern Band Cherokee descendant, but not a tribal citizen. The Eastern Band Cherokee nation does not allow DNA testing to be used to determine tribal citizenship, unless the test is to determine parentage.
A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood (both abbreviated CDIB) is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific fraction of Native American ancestry of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community. [1]
The system was further codified by the federal government in acts such as the 1887 Dawes Act and the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. [7] [10] Blood quantum levels for Native Americans can be recorded by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, who issue Certificates of Degree of Indian Blood to individuals that are used in tribal recognition. [7] [10]
While many US states historically categorized a person as Black if they had even one Black ancestor (the "one drop rule"), Native Americans have been required to meet high blood quantum requirements. For example, the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 only recognized Native people with "one half or more Indian blood". It can sometimes be ...
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Blood Struggle highlights major events and consequences in American Indian history since the Termination Act of 1953. Wilkinson, Charles (1991). Indian Tribes As Sovereign Governments: A Sourcebook on Federal-Tribal History, Law, and Policy .