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A radical class (also called radical property or just radical) is a class σ of rings possibly without multiplicative identities, such that: the homomorphic image of a ring in σ is also in σ every ring R contains an ideal S ( R ) in σ that contains every other ideal of R that is in σ
For a general ring with unity R, the Jacobson radical J(R) is defined as the ideal of all elements r ∈ R such that rM = 0 whenever M is a simple R-module.That is, = {=}. This is equivalent to the definition in the commutative case for a commutative ring R because the simple modules over a commutative ring are of the form R / for some maximal ideal of R, and the annihilators of R / in R are ...
Any finitely generated algebra over a Jacobson ring is a Jacobson ring. In particular, any finitely generated algebra over a field or the integers, such as the coordinate ring of any affine algebraic set, is a Jacobson ring. A local ring has exactly one maximal ideal, so it is a Jacobson ring exactly when that maximal ideal is the only prime ideal.
For a ring R with Jacobson radical J, the nonnegative powers are defined by using the product of ideals.. Jacobson's conjecture: In a right-and-left Noetherian ring, = {}. In other words: "The only element of a Noetherian ring in all powers of J is 0."
The quotient ring R/I is a simple ring. There is an analogous list for one-sided ideals, for which only the right-hand versions will be given. For a right ideal A of a ring R, the following conditions are equivalent to A being a maximal right ideal of R: There exists no other proper right ideal B of R so that A ⊊ B.
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