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The maximum energy product is defined based on the magnetic hysteresis saturation loop (B-H curve), in the demagnetizing portion where the B and H fields are in opposition. It is defined as the maximal value of the product of B and H along this curve (actually, the maximum of the negative of the product, −BH, since they have opposing signs):
Therefore, as the maximum energy density is proportional to J s 2, this magnetic phase has the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy (BH max ≈ 512 kJ/m 3 or 64 MG·Oe). This magnetic energy value is about 18 times greater than "ordinary" ferrite magnets by volume and 12 times by mass.
Maximum energy product, (BH) max Largest possible field of a rectangle on the hysteresis loop plot, which has two edges on the B and H axes, and a vertex on the hysteresis loop in the second quadrant (B positive, H negative); range from below 1 J/m 3 for some soft materials (permalloy, 3E4 ferrite), to above 400 kJ/m 3 for hard ones ( neodymium ...
Alnico's remanence (B r) may exceed 12,000 G (1.2 T), its coercivity (H c) can be up to 1000 oersteds (80 kA/m), its maximum energy product ((BH) max) can be up to 5.5 MG·Oe (44 T·A/m). Therefore, alnico can produce a strong magnetic flux in closed magnetic circuits, but has relatively small resistance against demagnetization.
The magnetic moment of a bulk material is the sum of all of its atomic moments. The atomic moments' interactions with each other and with the externally applied field determine the behavior of the magnet. Each atomic magnetic moment tries to orient itself so that the total magnetic energy reaches a minimum.
Ferromagnetic materials spontaneously divide into magnetic domains because the exchange interaction is a short-range force, so over long distances of many atoms, the tendency of the magnetic dipoles to reduce their energy by orienting in opposite directions wins out. If all the dipoles in a piece of ferromagnetic material are aligned parallel ...
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is the maximum energy product in units of J/m 3 (Joules per cubic meter) is the normal distance between the two parallel faces of the magnets; is the distance between the magnetic dipole axes of the two magnets.