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This version of mood-state inventory is a multidimensional instrument, and is used to look over and examine the frequency of multiple fundamental human emotions. [11] The 49 items of the DES-IV help measure 12 basic emotions (interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, hostility, fear, shame, shyness and guilt). [12]
Researchers distinguish several emotion dynamics, most commonly how intense (mean level), variable (fluctuations), inert (temporal dependency), instable (magnitude of moment-to-moment fluctuations), or differentiated someone's emotions are (the specificity of granularity of emotions), and whether and how an emotion augments or blunts other ...
The SAD PERSONS scale is an acronym utilized as a mnemonic device.It was first developed as a clinical assessment tool for medical professionals to determine suicide risk, by Patterson et al. [1] The Adapted-SAD PERSONS Scale was developed by Gerald A. Juhnke for use with children in 1996.
Emotions are evident through facial expressions. Humans can express their own emotions and understand others as well. [34] Humans can quickly identify happy expressions whereas the disgust expression takes longer to identify. [35] Emotional dysregulation is also closely linked to trauma, particularly in children and adolescents. [36]
Sadness is an emotional pain associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow.An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw themselves from others.
Most depression symptoms are reported more frequently by females; such as sadness (reported by 85.1% of women and 54.3% of men) and crying (approximately 63.4% of women and 42.9% of men). Women have a higher probability to experience depression than men, with the prevalence of 19.2% and 13.5% respectively.
Plutchik also created a wheel of emotions to illustrate different emotions. Plutchik first proposed his cone-shaped model (3D) or the wheel model (2D) in 1980 to describe how emotions were related. He suggested eight primary bipolar emotions: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation.
Difficulty in recognizing and discussing emotions may manifest at low levels in men who conform to specific cultural norms of masculinity, such as the belief that sadness is a feminine emotion. This condition, known as normative male alexithymia, can be present in both sexes. [11] [12] [13] [6]