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They are designed as simple spans supporting equally spaced concentrated loads for a floor or roof system. These concentrated loads are considered to act at the panel points of the Joist Girders. These members have been standardized for depths from 20 to 120 inches (510 to 3,050 mm), and spans to 120 feet (37,000 mm).
Invented in 1969, the I-joist is an engineered wood product that has great strength in relation to its size and weight. The biggest notable difference from dimensional lumber is that the I-joist carries heavy loads with less lumber than a dimensional solid wood joist. [1] As of 2005, approximately 50% of all wood light framed floors used I-joists.
Dead loads have small load factors, such as 1.2, because weight is mostly known and accounted for, such as structural members, architectural elements and finishes, large pieces of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) equipment, and for buildings, it's common to include a Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL) of around 5 pounds per square foot ...
For example, a "W250x33" beam is approximately 250 millimetres (9.8 in) in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately 33 kg/m (22 lb/ft; 67 lb/yd). [8] I-beams are still available in US sizes from many Canadian manufacturers.
The CLF is the cooling load at a given time compared to the heat gain from earlier in the day. [1] [5] The SC, or shading coefficient, is used widely in the evaluation of heat gain through glass and windows. [1] [5] Finally, the SCL, or solar cooling load factor, accounts for the variables associated with solar heat load.
The term binding joist is sometimes used to describe beams at floor level running perpendicular to the ridge of a gable roof and joined to the intermediate posts. Joists which land on a binding joist are called bridging joists. [4] [5] A large beam in the ceiling of a room carrying joists is a summer beam. A ceiling joist may be installed flush ...
Flat roofs may also need to be designed for live loads if people can walk on them. In the United States, building codes specify the loads in pounds per square foot which vary by region. The load and span (distance between supports) defines the size and spacing of the rafters and trusses. [4]
Historically, roof pitch was designated in two other ways: A ratio of the ridge height to the width of the building (span) [6] and as a ratio of the rafter length to the width of the building. [7] Commonly used roof pitches were given names such as: Greek: the ridge height is 1 ⁄ 9 to 1 ⁄ 7 the span (an angle of 12.5° to 16°);