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Many works of art are claimed to have been designed using the golden ratio. However, many of these claims are disputed, or refuted by measurement. [1] The golden ratio, an irrational number, is approximately 1.618; it is often denoted by the Greek letter φ .
Visible patterns in nature are governed by physical laws; for example, meanders can be explained using fluid dynamics. In biology , natural selection can cause the development of patterns in living things for several reasons, including camouflage , [ 26 ] sexual selection , [ 26 ] and different kinds of signalling, including mimicry [ 27 ] and ...
The psychologist Adolf Zeising noted that the golden ratio appeared in phyllotaxis and argued from these patterns in nature that the golden ratio was a universal law. [92] Zeising wrote in 1854 of a universal orthogenetic law of "striving for beauty and completeness in the realms of both nature and art".
Other scholars argue that until Pacioli's work in 1509, the golden ratio was unknown to artists and architects. [53] For example, the height and width of the front of Notre-Dame of Laon have the ratio 8/5 or 1.6, not 1.618. Such Fibonacci ratios quickly become hard to distinguish from the golden ratio. [54]
Consequently, the ratio of the lengths of long sides to short sides in the Robinson triangles is φ:1. It follows that the ratio of long side lengths to short in both kite and dart tiles is also φ:1, as are the length ratios of sides to the short diagonal in the thin rhomb t, and of long diagonal to sides in the thick rhomb T.
The ratio of the slant height to half the base length of the Great Pyramid of Giza is less than 1% from the golden ratio. [51] If this was the design method, it would imply the use of Kepler's triangle (face angle 51°49'), [51] [52] but according to many historians of science, the golden ratio was not known until the time of the Pythagoreans. [53]
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Adolf Zeising (24 September 1810 – 27 April 1876) was a German psychologist, whose main interests were mathematics and philosophy.. Among his theories, Zeising claimed to have found the golden ratio expressed in the arrangement of branches along the stems of plants and of veins in leaves.