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In Buddhism, Buddha (/ ˈ b uː d ə, ˈ b ʊ d ə /, which in classic Indic languages means "awakened one") [1] is a title for those who are spiritually awake or enlightened, and have thus attained the supreme goal of Buddhism, variously described as nirvana ("blowing out"), bodhi (awakening, enlightenment), and liberation (vimutti, vimoksa).
The Arthaviniścaya Sūtra is a composite text which is mainly made up of early Buddhist material organized into an Abhidharma type list. [59] Sanskrit fragments of different early Buddhist Agamas also survive from various sources, including from the archaeological finds in the Tarim Basin and the city of Turfan.
The buddha-dhātu (buddha-nature, buddha-element) is presented as a timeless, eternal (nitya) and pure "Self" . [33] [5] This notion of a buddhist theory of a true self (i.e. a Buddhist ātma-vada) is a radical one which caused much controversy and was interpreted in many different ways. [34] [35] [8]
A. K. Warder notes that the Mahāyāna Sūtras are highly unlikely to have come from the teachings of the historical Buddha, since the language and style of every extant Mahāyāna Sūtra is comparable more to later Indian texts than to texts that could have circulated in the Buddha's putative lifetime. [28]
The early Buddhist texts portray the Buddha as referring to people who are at one of these four states as "noble ones" (ārya, Pāli: ariya) and the community of such persons as the noble sangha. [2] [3] [4] The teaching of the four stages of awakening was important to the early Buddhist schools and remains so in the Theravada school.
[138] [139] According to some scholars, the Buddha-nature discussed in some Mahāyāna sūtras does not represent a substantial self which the Buddha critiqued; rather, it is a positive expression of emptiness (śūnyatā) and represents the potentiality to realize Buddhahood through Buddhist practices. [140]
The frame narrative states that sutra was taught by Shakyamuni Buddha in Vaiśālī on the request of bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja. [8] In the frame narrative, the Buddha states that far in the past, a monarch (which was a past life of the Buddha Akṣobhya) helped a Dharma teacher who was the Buddha Amitāyus. As a result of the good merit of ...
In some Zen traditions, however, this perfection came to be relativized again; according to one contemporary Zen master, "Shakyamuni buddha and Bodhidharma are still practicing." [55] Mahayana discerns three forms of awakened beings: [21] Arahat – Liberation for oneself; [note 9] Bodhisattva – Liberation for living beings; Full Buddhahood.