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Until the early 1990s, many programs and data transmission channels were character-oriented and treated some characters, e.g., ETX, as control characters.Others assumed a stream of seven-bit characters, with values between 0 and 127; for example, the ASCII standard used only seven bits per character, avoiding an 8-bit representation in order to save on data transmission costs.
In contrast, a character entity reference refers to a character by the name of an entity which has the desired character as its replacement text. The entity must either be predefined (built into the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The format is the same as for any entity reference: &name;
Then came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with high-bit set octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth bit, which was considered as a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME -unaware ...
Similarly, Unicode handles the mixture of left-to-right-text alongside right-to-left text without any special characters. For example, one can quote Arabic (“بسم الله”) (translated into English as "Bismillah") right alongside English and the Arabic letters will flow from right-to-left and the Latin letters left-to-right.
A binary-to-text encoding is encoding of data in plain text.More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence of printable characters.These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when the communication channel does not allow binary data (such as email or NNTP) or is not 8-bit clean.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article compares Unicode encodings in two types of environments: 8-bit clean environments, and environments that forbid the use of byte values with the ...
the most common special characters, such as é, are in the character set, so code like é, although allowed, is not needed. Note that Special:Export exports using UTF-8 even if the database is encoded in ISO 8859-1, at least that was the case for the English Wikipedia, already when it used version 1.4.
Input methods depend on a computer's operating system. Specifically the characters ĵ, ĝ, ĉ, ĥ, ŭ, ŝ can be problematic. All modern email clients and servers accept Unicode text as UTF-8 in at least one of the following Content-Transfer-Encoding types: 8bit, quoted-printable, or base64. Esperanto text will normally be transmitted in UTF-8 ...