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The ESR is decreased in polycythemia, hyperviscosity, sickle cell anemia, leukemia, chronic fatigue syndrome, [4] low plasma protein (due to liver or kidney disease) and congestive heart failure. Although increases in immunoglobulins usually increase the ESR, very high levels can reduce it again due to hyperviscosity of the plasma. [5]
Fasting in healthy, euthyroid people causes reduced T3 and elevated rT3, although TSH is usually unchanged. [3] [5] [10] Even moderate weight loss can lower T3. [2] This may be primarily via reduced levels of leptin (the satisfaction hormone). Low leptin levels can downregulate hypothalamic TRH neurons and cause a reduction in TSH.
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is defined as the combination of obesity and an increased blood carbon dioxide level during the day that is not attributable to another cause of excessively slow or shallow breathing. [2] The most effective treatment is weight loss, but this may require bariatric surgery to achieve. [3]
A fluid or water deprivation test is a medical test [1] which can be used to determine whether the patient has diabetes insipidus as opposed to other causes of polydipsia (a condition of excessive thirst that causes an excessive intake of water). The patient is required, for a prolonged period, to forgo intake of water completely, to determine ...
For a given solution, osmolarity is slightly less than osmolality, because the total solvent weight (the divisor used for osmolality) excludes the weight of any solutes, whereas the total solution volume (used for osmolarity) includes solute content. Otherwise, one litre of plasma would be equivalent to one kilogram of plasma, and plasma ...
Malnourishment can also cause anemia and hair loss. Being underweight is an established [ 21 ] risk factor for osteoporosis , even for young people. This is seen in individuals suffering from relative energy deficiency in sport , formerly known as female athlete triad: when disordered eating or excessive exercise cause amenorrhea, hormone ...
[10] [18] When used in routine care, there is evidence that VLCDs achieve average weight loss at 1 year around 10 kilograms (22 lb) [19] or about 4% more weight loss over the short term. [20] VLCDs can achieve higher short-term weight loss compared to other more modest or gradual calorie restricted diets, and the maintained long-term weight ...
When resulting from blood loss, trauma is the most common root cause, but severe blood loss can also happen in various body systems without clear traumatic injury. [3] The body in hypovolemic shock prioritizes getting oxygen to the brain and heart, which reduces blood flow to nonvital organs and extremities, causing them to grow cold, look ...