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Deep sea mining is the extraction of minerals from the seabed of the deep sea. The main ores of commercial interest are polymetallic nodules , which are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) primarily on the abyssal plain .
The International Seabed Authority is a body of the United Nations which was established in 1982 to regulate human activities on the deep-sea floor beyond the continental shelf. It continues to develop rules for commercial mining, and as of 2016, has issued 27 contracts for mineral exploration, covering a total area of more than 1.4 million km 2 .
Deep sea mining – Mineral extraction from the ocean floor; Glomar Explorer – Deep-sea drillship platform used by the CIA to recover sunken Soviet submarine; International Seabed Authority – Intergovernmental body to regulate mineral-related activities on the seabed
Northstar Island, an artificial island in the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, is a site of oil and gas drilling. the North Sea; the Gulf of Mexico (offshore Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama) California (in the Los Angeles Basin and Santa Barbara Channel, part of the Ventura Basin) the Caspian Sea (notably some major fields offshore ...
The chemical reaction causes sulfur and minerals to precipitate and from chimneys, towers, and mineral-rich deposits on the sea floor. [49] Polymetallic nodules , also known as manganese nodules , are rounded ores formed over millions of years from precipitating metals from seawater and sediment pore water. [ 50 ]
Iron ore (banded iron formation) Manganese ore – psilomelane (size: 6.7 × 5.8 × 5.1 cm) Lead ore – galena and anglesite (size: 4.8 × 4.0 × 3.0 cm). Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals, typically including metals, concentrated above background levels, and that is economically viable to mine and process.
The Lun-A (Lunskoye-A) platform, located off the north eastern coast of Sakhalin Island and is a concrete gravity base substructure (CGBS).. An oil platform (also called an oil rig, offshore platform, oil production platform, etc.) is a large structure with facilities to extract and process petroleum and natural gas that lie in rock formations beneath the seabed.
Hydrothermal mineral deposits are accumulations of valuable minerals which formed from hot waters circulating in Earth's crust through fractures. They eventually produce metallic-rich fluids concentrated in a selected volume of rock, which become supersaturated and then precipitate ore minerals. In some occurrences, minerals can be extracted ...