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The next step in the development of the ie would come with the opening of Japan to foreign trade in the 1850s-60s. Many ie reorganized and came to be known as sōgō shōsha (総合商社), trading companies which focused on exchanging domestic goods for foreign goods, which they would then resell in Japan's major cities.
The following is a list of the exports of Japan. Data is for 2016–2020, in millions of United States dollars, as reported [1] by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the exports contributing at least 0.67% to total export in any year are listed.
Japan's exports to Latin America also declined, from 6.9 percent in 1980 to 3.6 percent in 1990. [1] Despite this relative decline in trade, Japan's direct investment in the region continued to grow quickly, reaching US$31.6 billion in 1988, or 16.9 percent of Japan's total foreign direct investment.
Despite popular perception, during the 1930s Japan was exporting low-cost items successfully. [2] However, between the years of 1929 and 1938 foreign commerce dropped from 3.7% to 3.5%. Japan ran a trade deficit, selling a total of US$12.85 and buying US$15.25 per capita. This was in part brought on by the purchase of wartime materials.
The Sakoku Edict (Sakoku-rei, 鎖国令) of 1635 was a Japanese decree intended to eliminate foreign influence, enforced by strict government rules and regulations to impose these ideas. It was the third of a series issued by Tokugawa Iemitsu , [ citation needed ] shōgun of Japan from 1623 to 1651.
After the opening of Japan in the mid-1800s, trade between Japan and the outside world was initially dominated by foreign merchants and traders from Western countries. As Japan modernized, a number of existing family-run conglomerates known as zaibatsu (most notably Mitsubishi and Mitsui) developed captive trading companies to coordinate production, transportation and financing between the ...
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The surplus reached a record US$18.2 billion in 1978, promoting considerable tension between the United States and Japan. In 1979 petroleum prices jumped again, and Japan's trade balance again turned to deficit, reaching US$10.7 billion in 1980. Once again, rapid export growth and stagnant imports returned Japan quickly to surplus by 1981.