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The nine spheres are concentric, as in the standard medieval geocentric model of cosmology, [1] which was derived from Ptolemy. The Empyrean is non-material. As with his Purgatory, the structure of Dante's Heaven is therefore of the form 9+1=10, with one of the ten regions different in nature from the other nine.
[6]: 203 The planet Venus was believed to be Inanna, the goddess of love, sex, and war. [9]: 108–109 [6]: 203 The Sun was her brother Utu, the god of justice, [6]: 203 and the Moon was their father Nanna. [6]: 203 Ordinary mortals could not go to the heavens because it was the abode of the gods alone. [10]
Two different models of the process of creation existed in ancient Israel. [15] In the "logos" (speech) model, God speaks and shapes unresisting dormant matter into effective existence and order (Psalm 33: "By the word of YHWH the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their hosts; he gathers up the waters like a mound, stores the Deep in vaults"); in the second, or "agon ...
The ancient astronomy taught that above the seven planetary spheres was an eighth, the sphere of the fixed stars (Clem. Alex. Strom. iv. 25 , xxv. p. 636: see also his quotation, v. 11 , p. 692, of a mention of the fifth heaven in apocryphal writings ascribed to Zephaniah ).
After an initial ascension, Beatrice guides Dante through the nine celestial spheres of Heaven. These are concentric and spherical, as in Aristotelian and Ptolemaic cosmology. While the structures of the Inferno and Purgatorio were based on different classifications of sin, the structure of the Paradiso is based on the four cardinal virtues and ...
The seven heavens and the sublunar spheres, from an engraving of Albertus Magnus' Philosophia naturalis. Plato and Aristotle helped to formulate the original theory of a sublunary sphere in antiquity, [4] [missing long citation] the idea usually going hand in hand with geocentrism and the concept of a spherical Earth.
Plato and Aristotle taught that the stars were composed of a type of matter different from the four earthly (classical) elements – a fifth, ethereal element or quintessence. In the "astral mysticism" of the classical world the human psyche was composed of the same material, thus accounting for the influence of the stars upon human affairs.
Taking the distance of the Sun as 1,266 Earth radii, he was forced to place the sphere of Venus above the sphere of the Sun; as a further refinement, he added the planet's diameters to the thickness of their spheres. As a consequence, his version of the nesting spheres model had the sphere of the stars at a distance of 140,177 Earth radii. [34]