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Interleukin 3 (IL3) is a cytokine that regulates hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T cells and mast cells, [ 15 ] [ 16 ] and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.
The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (T h 0 cells) to T h 2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, T h 2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 is produced primarily by mast cells, T h 2 cells, eosinophils and basophils. [4]
[3] [4] They act through cell surface receptors and are especially important in the immune system; cytokines modulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ...
The Type 2 response promotes its own profile using two different cytokines. Interleukin 4 acts on helper T cells to promote the production of T h 2 cytokines (including itself; it is auto-regulatory), while interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits a variety of cytokines including interleukin 2 and IFNγ in helper T cells and IL-12 in dendritic cells and ...
Inflammatory cytokines play a role in initiating the inflammatory response and to regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response. [4] Some inflammatory cytokines have additional roles such as acting as growth factors. [5] Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain ...
The interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. It is a heterodimer , that is, composed of two subunits. IL4R is the human gene coding for IL-4Rα, the subunit which combines with either common gamma chain (γc, forming the type I IL4 receptor) or with IL-13Rα1 (forming the type II IL4 receptor).
Their release is often stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1. Inflammatory chemokines function mainly as chemoattractants for leukocytes, recruiting monocytes, neutrophils and other effector cells from the blood to sites of infection or tissue damage.
The effector cytokine which is secreted from IL-33- and STAT5 activator-stimulated Th2 cells is IL-13, which is NF-κB dependent. IL-13 is very similar to IL-4 in amino acid sequence and structure. They also used the same type II IL-4 receptor to activate STAT6. [38] Similar functions have IL-1 to Th17 cells and IL-18 to Th1 lymphocytes.