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  2. Belief perseverance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief_perseverance

    Similar processes could underlie belief perseverance. [30] Peter Marris suggests that the process of abandoning a conviction is similar to the working out of grief. "The impulse to defend the predictability of life is a fundamental and universal principle of human psychology." Human beings possess "a deep-rooted and insistent need for ...

  3. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    The term belief perseverance, however, was coined in a series of experiments using what is called the "debriefing paradigm": participants read fake evidence for a hypothesis, their attitude change is measured, then the fakery is exposed in detail. Their attitudes are then measured once more to see if their belief returns to its previous level.

  4. Perseveration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseveration

    The primary definition of perseveration in biology and clinical psychiatry involves some form of response repetition or the inability to undertake set shifting (changing of goals, tasks or activities) as required, and is usually evidenced by behaviours such as words and gestures continuing to be repeated despite absence or cessation of a stimulus.

  5. Semmelweis reflex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semmelweis_reflex

    The Semmelweis reflex also exemplifies how belief perseverance causes individuals to adhere to their initial beliefs despite contradicting evidence. The human brain has fully developed the cerebral cortex and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which equips individuals with the power to resist primitive instincts and adaptability but also maintains ...

  6. Conservatism (belief revision) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_(belief_revision)

    In cognitive psychology and decision science, conservatism or conservatism bias is a bias which refers to the tendency to revise one's belief insufficiently when presented with new evidence. This bias describes human belief revision in which people over-weigh the prior distribution ( base rate ) and under-weigh new sample evidence when compared ...

  7. Behavioral confirmation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_confirmation

    The phenomenon of belief creating reality is known by several names in literature: self-fulfilling prophecy, expectancy confirmation, and behavioral confirmation, which was first coined by social psychologist Mark Snyder in 1984. Snyder preferred this term because it emphasizes that it is the target's actual behavior that confirms the perceiver ...

  8. Motivated reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated_reasoning

    Individuals are compelled to initiate motivated reasoning to lessen the amount of cognitive dissonance they feel. Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of psychological and physiological stress and unease between two conflicting cognitive and/or emotional elements (such as the desire to smoke, despite knowing it is unhealthy).

  9. Grit (personality trait) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grit_(personality_trait)

    In psychology, grit is a positive, non-cognitive trait based on a person's perseverance of effort combined with their passion for a particular long-term goal or end state (a powerful motivation to achieve an objective). This perseverance of effort helps people overcome obstacles or challenges to accomplishment and drives people to achieve.