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A monovalent antivenom is specific for one toxin or species, while a polyvalent one is effective against multiple toxins or species. [15] The majority of antivenoms (including all snake antivenoms) are administered intravenously; however, stonefish and redback spider antivenoms are given intramuscularly. The intramuscular route has been ...
CroFab is composed of several monovalent Fab (fragment antigen-binding) proteins derived from the blood of sheep immunized with one of four snake venoms: Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake), Crotalus adamanteus (Eastern diamondback rattlesnake), Crotalus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake), or Agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth or ...
Snake antivenom is a medication made up of antibodies used to treat snake bites by venomous snakes. [1] It is a type of antivenom . It is a biological product that typically consists of venom neutralizing antibodies derived from a host animal, such as a horse or sheep.
New antivenom methods are even being investigated today with the use of monoclonal antibodies and the expansion of venomous databases, allowing for more effective approaches when screening of cross-reactivity of antivenoms.
Boomslang monovalent antivenom was developed during the 1940s. The South African Vaccine Producers manufactures a monovalent antivenom for use in boomslang envenomations. [ 24 ] Treatment of bites may also require complete blood transfusions , especially if over 24-48 hours have passed without antivenom.
The most common use of antiserum in humans is as antitoxin or antivenom to treat envenomation. [citation needed] Serum therapy, also known as serotherapy, describes the treatment of infectious disease using the serum of animals that have been immunized against the specific organisms or their product, to which the disease is supposedly referable.
Of the 136, 121 received antivenom, and only 8 died (6.6%). Of the 15 who did not receive antivenom, 11 died (an untreated mortality rate of 73%). [31] [32] In Iran, where the Caspian cobra is widespread, it is responsible for the highest number of deaths due to snakebite in the country.
Monovalence or Monovalent may refer to: Monovalent ion, an atom, ion, or chemical group with a valency of one, which thus can form one covalent bond; Monovalent vaccine, a vaccine directed at only one pathogen; Monovalent antibody, an antibody with affinity for one epitope, antigen, or strain of microorganism